The moderator for the topic was Ms. Vanda Felbab-Brown of Brookings; and the discussion was online July 25, 2022 10 to 11:30 AM. Panelist participants were Ms. Heather Coyne, Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen, United Nations; Adams Day, United Nations University; Richard Gowan, UN Director, International Crisis Group; and Ms. Rachel Kleinfeld, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
At the risk of giving the opinion consensus on the topic, as far as I could tell, it was contained in the comment of Mr. Day: (to the effect that) the analysts who have looked at the outcomes when nation-building has been tried at least by the UN is a dismal failure overall. Oh yes, there's been some success: the distribution of humanitarian aid; a cease-fire, perhaps; but nothing that could be said to be a really change for the better for the country wherein it was tried. He suggested that perhaps the goal should be less all encompassing: try to achieve some regional change in business practice or diminished resumption of military conflict.
Nevertheless there has been a lasting cease-fire in Ethiopia; and if Eritrea is not involved in the near civil war that waged bitterly across its border, the effort to bring about peace has worked.
Be that as it may, I am somewhat familiar with the former Vice President's system of nation-building used, I think successfully in Iraq and in Afghanistan but with less success as the Taliban have taken over the country. Indeed, I am aware how the Russians took over Afghanistan, then left it to the Americans, when to try our luck!
But I became convinced that Cheney was onto something big in nation-building, US style. In Iraq, I woul say the concept was quite successful. The model used was to get the warring factions together after Hussein was out of the way, and set out to form a new government composed of both Shi'a and Sunnis, primarily. Not only this, but the US got the economy back running through contract to an oil producing giant. A divided government--true--but with major factions represented. The cleric al-Sadr has been instrumental in bringing Iran in to quiet things next door! I think there may be still United States troops there--in no hurry to depart.
In Afghanistan, the project of nation-building was down to only 2,500 American troops on Afghan soil. But many Americans were objecting to the drug traffic that was growing the poppy seeds in Afghan fields; and the Afghans themselves were unenthused by the regime in Kabul that seemed to them no better than the Taliban who ruled or controlled the countryside beyond Kabul and some prominent cities where US had some control.
The point is there was no need for our President to have made a deal whereby the United States troops would pull out entirely leaving the country on its own; and the Taliban right there. The Afghan people were looking to us; and we were showing them Western ways.
Nation-building takes time and troops; and the United States acted precipitously in running away--like in South Korea at the Seoul Airport--or don't our memories go back that far!
As the participants in this assessment pointed out, nation-building is an arduous undertaking that perhaps takes several years, even thirty years to work; and even so, an efficient government with strong citizen backing to make it work.