For whatever reason, a region of a country may declare itself an autonomous country within a country, i.e., a state within a larger geographical area controlled by some federal government.
I believe such is the present situation of Eastern Ukaine in the country of Ukraine. It is my understanding that the President of Ukraine is permitting the Eastern Ukrainians to vote on the matter. When I was in Russia during the drawing up of a new constitution for the Russian Federation of Independent States in 1989, I argued that there should be provision for autonomy of regions who want to maintain a separateness within the larger state's territory, so long as that region is financially viable to maintain an independent status and find suitable means for the protection of its citizens within from invasion, etc.
Then too, I believe that the province containing the city of Barcelona in Spain is also currently seeking an independent, autonomous standing with possible EU membership. The general idea being that a peoples should find a suitable means for representation of its culture and heritage in the governmental structure of the region where they live.
In the country of Georgia, I think the Russians govern a portion and provide military support for those who live therein. Moldova, too, might have such autonomous pockets.
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Parenthetically, I have argued regarding the Crimea, that since Ukraine received the region as a by-product of a somewhat arbitrary assignment by diplomats, it could reasonably be made a legitimate part of Russia, itself, if the citizens of Crimea so want.
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